Ann S. Epstein Writer

Researching a story about the first U.S. policewoman, who worked on the Los Angeles “purity squad,” I read up on nickelodeons, one of the places she patrolled. The nickelodeon was the first indoor exhibition space dedicated to showing projected motion pictures. The word “Nickelodeon” was concocted from the five-cent coin charged for admission and the ancient Greek word odeion, which was a roofed-over theater. A popular form of entertainment from 1905-1915, as many as 26 million people went every week to watch “the flicks” (so called because the images flickered). Read more about nickelodeons in BEHIND THE STORY.

Researching a novel and several stories with scenes during Prohibition, I wondered: What’s the difference between rum-running and bootlegging? The former is usually applied to illegal shipments of alcohol over water; the latter to transporting booze over land. The term “boot-legging” arose during the Civil War, when soldiers smuggled liquor into camp by concealing pint bottles inside their boots. The word became popular (and lost its hyphen) during Prohibition (1920-1933) when suppliers sold liquor from flasks tucked into their boots. The term “rum-running” most likely originated at the start of Prohibition, when ships from the Caribbean transported rum to Florida speakeasies. Rum’s cheapness made it a low-profit item so smugglers switched to shipping Canadian whisky, French champagne, and English gin to major cities like New York City, Boston, and Chicago, where they could charge more. Ships carried as much as $200,000 in contraband in a single run.

 

Thomas Edison intended to marry images to sound as far back as 1885. The problem was he couldn’t get his phonograph and kinetoscope to synchronize. When others inventors finally did, rather than admit defeat, Edison declared in 1926 that Americans would always prefer silent movies over talkies anyway. Hollywood movie-makers felt the same, with the exception of Warner Bros., who in 1925 were eager to make their popular theaters even more popular. Sam Warner suggested to his brothers Harry, Al, and Jack, that they give sound a try. Read more about the era of silent films and the evolution of talking pictures in BEHIND THE STORY.

 

Penny arcades became popular in the early 1900s. The first were tests of athletic strength, challenging patrons to “prove their manliness,” and marked the beginning of coin-operated vending machines (unless you count the Heron of Alexandria, a coin-operated holy water dispenser made in 215 BCE). For example, lifting machines required pulling on handles. Grip testers involved squeezing handles. Lung testers required blowing into a tube as long as possible. The Mills Submarine model featured four tiny deep sea divers on strings. As you blew, they were raised one-by-one. The Rubberneck model had a mannequin with a neck that stretched. The Hat Blower was just what it sounds like. Electricity testers dispensed electric shocks. To learn about Doctor Vibrator, a machine appealing to women, see BEHIND THE STORY.

 

The Anglesey, Wales village of Llanfairpwllgwyngyll (Llanfairpwll for short) is world famous for having Britain’s longest place name. Less well know is that it’s where the first Women’s Institute (WI) in Britain was founded. The movement started in Canada in 1897. In 1913, Mrs. Alfred Watt, who had worked at the WI headquarters in Canada came to London and tried, without success, to start WI’s in the south of England. Two years later, when Britain was looking to boost food preservation during WW I, she received the enthusiastic support of Colonel Stapleton Cotton from Llanfairpwll and the first official British WI was founded there in September 1915. Read a fictionalized account of the origins of WI’s in the story “Jamming” (see STORIES) and discover more interesting history in BEHIND THE STORY.

The traditional watch rotation in the Navy is called “five and dime.” Sailors serve five hours on watch, followed by ten hours off. However, during those ten hours, they often have other duties, so it’s not uncommon to work a 20-hour day. The result is sleep deprivation, which in turn leads to accidents, such as the recent ones that claimed many sailors’ lives. Some ships are now changing to a “three and nine” watch schedule. Read more about the traditional Navy in WWI in On the Shore (NOVELS) and the dangers of “five and dime” in BEHIND THE STORY.

Part Two of On the Shore (see NOVELS) opens with Dev Levinson, age 12, getting her period for the first time. Researching the book’s era (1917-1925), I discovered that Lister’s Towels were the first feminine sanitary pads, manufactured in 1896 by Johnson & Johnson. Kotex was launched in 1920 by Kimberly-Clark to make use of leftover cellucotton (wood pulp fiber) from World War One bandages. Before commercial sanitary pads were available, women wore and washed rags, which is where the expression “on the rag” comes from. Read more in BEHIND THE STORY.