Month: April 2019

As charming as viewers find the 1939 Hollywood classic The Wizard of Oz, filming it was hazardous to the actors. Margaret Hamilton, who played the Wicked Witch of the West, suffered second degree and third degree burns during the second take of her fiery exit from Munchkinland as her billowing cape trailed behind her broomstick. After recuperating at home for six weeks (during which the star Judy Garland visited her), she insisted a stand-in do all of the fire scenes. Buddy Ebsen, who originally played the Tin Woodsman, had an allergic reaction to the silver paint and was hospitalized with lung problems. He was replaced by Jack Haley and the composition of the paint was changed. Read more about the making of the movie in A Brain. A Heart. The Nerve. (see NOVELS).

Upton Sinclair, muckraking author of The Jungle, a 1906 novel about the horrors of the Chicago meat-packing industry, later founded the California chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). He ran unsuccessfully as a Socialist Party candidate for the U.S. Congress in the 1920s and lost a bid for governor in 1934, after founding the End Poverty in California (EPIC) movement. Read more Chicago and California history in Tazia and Gemma (see NOVELS).

The little people (then called “midgets”) who played Munchkins in the 1939 Hollywood classic The Wizard of Oz ranged in age from 20 to 40. They included several married couples, twin brothers, and four members of the Doll Family: Daisy, Gracie, Harry, and Tiny. MGM was determined to use real midgets, not children. The studio advertised all over the country, visited circuses, and sent out talent scouts. As word got out, every little person in the country arrived in Hollywood by bus and train to audition. MGM eventually hired 122 little adult performers to populate Munchkinland, supplemented by ten child actors. Read more about the Munchkins and the movie in A Brain. A Heart. The Nerve. (see NOVELS).

During the last century, Pentecostals defied norms calling for racial segregation and enforcement of Jim Crow laws. Women were also vital to the early Pentecostal movement, believing baptism in the Holy Spirit empowered them to engage in activities traditionally denied them. The Pentecostal Church was one of the first religious groups to ordain women. Their progressive attitudes put Pentecostals at odds with their conservative Kansas neighbors, often leading to violent clashes. Read about religious tensions in America’s heartland 100 years ago in Tazia and Gemma (see NOVELS).

During WWII, Henry Ford hired little people (then called “midgets”) to build B-24 bombers on the assembly line at his plants in Ypsilanti, Michigan and Tulsa, Oklahoma. They were recruited from circus sideshows and the entertainment industry, and had the advantage of being small enough to crawl into the wings and buck rivets from inside. Each B-24 required 313,237 rivets so there was plenty of work for them to do. Read more about WWII and little people in A Brain. A Heart. The Nerve. (see NOVELS).

Although Nevada’s anti-gambling laws went into effect soon after Las Vegas incorporated in 1911, the city’s diversified economy and stable business base allowed it to grow until 1917. However, when the war effort diverted railroad activity and a national rail strike followed in 1922, the city’s finances suffered. Compounded by prohibition (1920-1933), Las Vegas became fertile territory for illegal activity. Jim Ferguson, a.k.a “King of the Tenderloin,” was the state’s first organized crime boss, who easily bootlegged moonshine by paying off local politicians. Read more Las Vegas history in Tazia and Gemma (see NOVELS).

Women’s hats went wild in the late 1930s. Tall toques were made even higher with extra feathers. On occasion they were decorated with velvet petals or a mass of roses, violets, or clusters of lilies of the valley. One of the most useful styles to emerge was the cache-misère turban which enabled the wearer to hide her tresses on a bad hair day while still appearing immaculately groomed and elegant. Read more about fashion trends in A Brain. A Heart. The Nerve. (see NOVELS).

The Norris–La Guardia Act (a.k.a. Anti-Injunction Bill) of 1932 banned yellow-dog contracts whereby employers forced workers to sign agreements promising not to join unions. The U.S. law also barred courts from issuing injunctions against nonviolent labor disputes, and protected workers’ rights of self-organization and collective bargaining. Read more about the exploitation of workers and resulting labor laws over the last century in Tazia and Gemma (see NOVELS).

After attending the School of Fine Arts at Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University), Andy Warhol moved to NYC in 1949, where he did magazine illustration and advertising. He gained fame in the 1950s for his whimsical ink drawings in an ad campaign for shoes, and was hired by RCA to design record album covers. Warhol was an early adopter of silk screen printmaking. He combined hand drawing and photography with “ink-blotted images” that deliberately incorporated chance and mistakes. He said, “When you do something exactly wrong, you always turn up something interesting.” Read more about Andy Warhol in A Brain. A Heart. The Nerve. (see NOVELS).

In 1941, construction began on San Diego’s Linda Vista housing for defense workers (Navy and Marine Corps). Contractors McNeil & Zoss put up 3,000 units in 300 days for $9 million (nearly $160 million today), the biggest military building project in the nation’s history. Residents were younger, more diverse, and more integrated than any other area of the city. Discover more San Diego history in Tazia and Gemma (see NOVELS).