The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision was influenced by UNESCO’s 1950 statement “The Race Question,” which scientifically and morally condemned racism, and by the research of Harvard psychologists Kenneth & Mamie Clark whose “doll test” studies showed how racism hurt the self-esteem of young black schoolchildren. Read more about race relations in Topeka 100 years ago in Tazia and Gemma (see NOVELS).